Türkiye as a commodity importer

India and Türkiye as swing import demand centers. India and Türkiye are simultaneously major producers and leading importers of lentils; domestic crop outcomes and policy decisions in these countries strongly influence global trade flows.[1][2] Changes in tariffs, quotas or sanitary rules can rapidly open or shut import demand, impacting FOB levels in Canada and Australia and redirecting tonnage to alternative destinations.

Regionalization of trade through Black Sea and CIS origins. Russia and Kazakhstan have increased lentil production and exports, supplying nearby markets such as Türkiye and the Eastern Mediterranean with freight and lead-time advantages.[2] While these origins are smaller than Canada and Australia, their growth adds a regional layer of competition and moderates dependence on long-haul shipments in certain markets.

Concentration of dried apricot exports in Türkiye. Turkey has historically accounted for more than 80% of global dried apricot exports, with production concentrated in Malatya Province.[8] This concentration makes global prices highly sensitive to Turkish crop outcomes, as illustrated by the 2025 frost-driven collapse in output and surge in prices.[3][4]

Concentration of exportable surplus in a few origins. Despite widespread cultivation, a small group of exporters—led by Australia, Türkiye, Russia, India, and Mexico—accounts for more than three-quarters of global chickpea export value. This concentration amplifies the impact of weather, policy, and geopolitical events in these origins on global prices and availability.

Policy interventions and trade costs reshaping flows. Export restrictions, import tariff adjustments, and sanctions have become prominent drivers of chickpea trade flows and price differentials across origins. Higher trade and logistics costs, including freight volatility and financial sanctions, increasingly determine where importers source from and how risk premiums are allocated along the chain.

Corn starch is highly concentrated in the upstream corn-processing ecosystem. Supply is concentrated in wet-milling and starch refining assets linked to corn availability, water, power, and logistics. The U.S. Grains & BioProducts Council notes the industry is large and structurally integrated with corn-processing capacity, which reinforces regional export hubs.[3][6]