| 1 | Russia | 6,000,000 | 29 | Southern regions, Volga, Siberia. Record 2024 production 16-17 MMT seeds. Compensating for Ukraine losses post-2022. Largest exporter at 3.5-4.5 MMT. |
| 2 | Ukraine | 5,500,000 | 26 | Central, Southern regions. War continues to disrupt. Production 12-14 MMT seeds (vs pre-war 16-17 MMT). Pre-war ~6-7 MMT oil exports; current 4.5-5.5 MMT via Black Sea corridor + Danube + Poland rail. |
| 4 | Argentina | 1,350,000 | 6.5 | Buenos Aires, La Pampa, Cordoba. Variable 3.5-4.5 MMT seed range. SH harvest March-May. |
| 7 | Serbia | 250,000 | 1 | Vojvodina |
| 8 | South Africa | 150,000 | 0.8 | North West, Free State. SH harvest April-May. |
| 9 | Moldova | 150,000 | 0.6 | Southern regions |